Cancer is more prevalent in people under 50: what are the causes and risk factor

Our knowledge of cancer is expanding along with improvements in medical research. But even with all of our advancements, cancer is still a powerful opponent, and new research has revealed an alarming trend: the number of cancer cases among those under 50 has significantly increased. Here is all you need to know about the risk factors and underlying causes of this concerning increase.

Genetic factors
Some individuals inherit gene mutations from their parents, predisposing them to certain types of cancer. Examples include mutations in the BRCA genes, linked to breast and ovarian cancers, and Lynch syndrome, associated with colorectal and other cancers. These inherited mutations can lead to cancer manifesting at an earlier age than usual, highlighting the importance of genetic screening, particularly for those with a family history of cancer.

Lifestyle choices

The lifestyle we lead can significantly impact our cancer risk. Habits such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, poor diet, lack of exercise, and exposure to environmental pollutants can all contribute to genetic changes within cells, increasing the likelihood of cancer development. While these factors typically take years to influence cancer risk, their prevalence among young adults underscores the importance of adopting healthy behaviours early on.

Environmental exposures

Exposure to certain environmental factors can also play a role in cancer development. Ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun or tanning beds can increase the risk of skin cancer, while infections such as HPV and HIV are linked to various cancers. Medical treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, while crucial for treating existing cancers, can knowingly raise the risk of secondary cancers later in life, emphasising the need for careful monitoring and follow-up care.

Emerging trends and challenges

The mentioned study has identified a surge in early-onset cancers, including breast, colorectal, and oesophagal cancers, among others. Factors such as obesity, unhealthy diets, and changes in the microbiome are believed to contribute to this concerning trend. The unique challenges faced by young cancer patients, including financial burdens, infertility, and increased risks of other health issues, highlight the need for tailored approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and support.

What actions can be taken?
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While the rise in early-onset cancer cases is concerning, there is hope in prevention and early detection. Adopting a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, can help mitigate cancer risk. Regular medical check-ups, genetic screening, and awareness of potential symptoms are vital in detecting cancer at its earliest stages when treatment outcomes are most favourable.