Sachin Sharma
Sep 16, 2025
Estrogen plays a central role in regulating the menstrual cycle. Both high and low estrogen levels can lead to irregular periods, heavy bleeding, or skipped cycles. Conditions like perimenopause or ovarian issues often influence estrogen fluctuations.
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Progesterone stabilises the uterine lining, preparing it for menstruation or pregnancy. When progesterone is low, cycles can become irregular and spotting may occur. This is common in women who do not ovulate regularly.
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Androgens are male hormones also present in women in smaller amounts. High androgen levels can disrupt ovulation, leading to conditions like Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). This hormonal imbalance often causes irregular or absent cycles.
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The thyroid gland regulates metabolism and affects menstrual regularity. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can cause missed or frequent periods. Women with thyroid disorders often experience unpredictable menstrual patterns.
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Prolactin helps in milk production, but excess amounts can disturb menstrual cycles. Elevated prolactin may suppress ovulation and cause irregular bleeding. Stress and certain medical conditions can contribute to higher prolactin levels.
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Cortisol, known as the stress hormone, affects reproductive hormones indirectly. Chronic stress can increase cortisol levels, disturbing ovulation and menstrual timing. This often leads to delayed or skipped periods.
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Insulin imbalance impacts ovarian function, especially in women with PCOS. High insulin levels increase androgen production, which disrupts the menstrual cycle. This makes periods irregular or absent in many cases.
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) control ovulation. Any disruption in these hormones can lead to irregular or anovulatory cycles. Imbalances are often linked to fertility challenges.
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Perimenopause is marked by fluctuating estrogen and progesterone levels. These shifts cause cycles to become shorter, longer, or irregular. Women may also experience heavier or lighter bleeding during this phase.
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Hormonal contraceptives regulate cycles, but stopping them may trigger temporary irregularity. The body takes time to readjust natural hormone production after discontinuation. This adjustment phase often leads to unpredictable cycles.
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