PPF offers a fixed interest rate, currently at 7.1% per annum. With a 15-year lock-in period, it provides tax-free returns and is ideal for risk-averse investors seeking stable growth.

EPF mandates a 12% contribution from both employer and employee. The fund accrues interest, presently at 8.15%, and is suitable for salaried individuals aiming for a substantial retirement corpus.

NPS allows investment in equities and debt instruments, offering returns between 9-11%. With partial tax benefits and a retirement age lock-in, it's tailored for those comfortable with market risks.

PPF and EPF fall under the EEE (Exempt-Exempt-Exempt) category, ensuring tax-free investment, interest, and maturity. NPS offers additional deductions under specific sections, enhancing tax savings.

PPF permits partial withdrawals after the 7th year, while EPF allows withdrawals under specific conditions like unemployment. NPS restricts withdrawals until retirement, with limited exceptions.

NPS provides the flexibility to choose fund managers and asset allocation. In contrast, PPF and EPF have predefined structures, limiting investor control over fund management.

PPF and EPF are government-backed, offering capital safety. NPS, being market-linked, carries higher risk but potential for greater returns, suitable for investors with a higher risk appetite.

Over 35 years, investing ₹1.5 lakh annually can yield approximately ₹2.79 crore in PPF, ₹3.5 crore in EPF, and ₹4.47 crore in NPS, highlighting NPS's potential for higher returns.

PPF is open to all Indian citizens, including minors. EPF is mandatory for salaried employees in organisations with over 20 employees. NPS is available for individuals aged 18-70 years.

For guaranteed returns and safety, PPF and EPF are preferable. For higher returns with market exposure, NPS stands out. Combining schemes can balance risk and ensure a robust retirement corpus.